Factor Models of Personality
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The Five Factor Model deals with the healthy,
normal personality. Not so other factor models. In 1990, Clark and a group of
researchers constructed an instrument with 21 dimensions, based on the criteria
of personality disorders in the DSM-III, on various scholarly texts in the
field, and even on some Axis I elements.
They proposed the following as descriptive axes: proneness to suicide, self
derogation, anhedonia (inability to experience pleasure), instability,
hypersensitivity, anger or aggression, pessimism, negative affect,
suspiciousness, self-centered exploitation, passive-aggressiveness, dramatic
exhibitionism, grandiose egocentrism, social isolation, emotional coldness,
dependency, conventionality-rigidity, impulsivity, high energy, antisocial
behavior, schizotypal thought.
A far more detailed work was concluded in 1989 by Livesley and others. They
studied a vast trove of professional literature as well as the DSM-III-TR and
came up with a whopping 79 trait dimensions required to represent all 11
personality disorders. Subsequent refinements increased the number of
questionnaire items to 100. These were grouped into 18 constructs of factors:
(continued below)
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Compulsivity, conduct problems, diffidence, identity
problems, insecure attachment, intimacy problems, narcissism, suspiciousness,
affective lability, passive oppositionality, perceptual cognitive distortion,
rejection, self-harming behaviors, restricted expression, social avoidance,
stimulus seeking, interpersonal disesteem, and anxiousness.
The Livesley model dispenses with openness to experience as an evaluative
dimension. The authors regard it of limited use in describing and diagnosing
personality disorders.
Similarly, years later (in 1994), Harkness and McNulty also criticized the Five
Factor Model. They proposed their own five dimensions: aggressiveness,
psychoticism, constraint, negative emotionality r neuroticism, and positive
emotionality or extroversion.
One of the earliest factor models, based on an analysis of words in an
English-language dictionary that pertained to personality traits was suggested
by Allport and Odbert in 1936. They excluded words and phrases that were
evaluative or judgmental (such as "good", "bad",
"excessive", or "excellent"). Their Lexical Big Five Model
proffered these personality dimensions: Surgency or extroversion,
agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability vs. neuroticism, and
intellect or culture.
Tellegen and Walter (1987) harshly criticized the methodology of the Big Five
Model. They factor analyzed the 1985 edition of the American Heritage
Dictionary and countered with a Big Seven Model with these traits: positive
valence, negative valence, positive emotionality, negative emotionality, conscientiousness,
agreeableness, and conventionality. Together with Almagor they demonstrated, in
1995, that the Model applies to Israel, a culture much different to the United
States.
More about personality assessment tests - click HERE!
Many additional Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about Personality Disorders - click HERE!
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